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The first chapters of Calvin's "Institutes"
are taken up with a comprehensive exposition of the sources and
guarantee of the knowledge of God and divine things (Book I. chs.
i.-ix.). A systematic treatise on the knowledge of God must needs begin
with such an exposition; and we require no account of the circumstance
that Calvin's treatise begins with it, beyond the systematic character
of his mind and the clearness and comprehensiveness of his view. This
exposition therefore makes its appearance in the earliest edition of the
"Institutes," which attempted "to give a summary of religion in all its
parts," redacted in orderly sequence; that is to say, which was
intended as a textbook in theology. This was the second edition,
published in 1539, which was considered by Calvin to be the first which
at all corresponded to its title. In this edition this exposition
already stands practically complete. Large insertions were made into it
subsequently, by which it was greatly enriched as a detailed exposition
and validation of the sources of our knowledge of God; but no
modifications were made in its fundamental teaching by these additions,
and the ground plan of the exposition as laid down in 1539 was retained
unaltered throughout the subsequent development of the treatise.
We
may observe in the controversies in which Calvin had been engaged
between 1536 and 1539 a certain preparation for writing this
comprehensive and admirably balanced statement, with its equal
repudiation of Romish and Anabaptist error and its high note of
assurance in the face of the scepticism of the average man of the world.
We may trace in it the fruits of his eager and exhaustive studies
prosecuted in the interval, as pastor, professor, and Protestant
statesman; and especially of his own ripening thought as he worked more
and more into detail his systematic view of the body of truth. But we
can attribute to nothing but his theological genius the feat by which he
set a compressed apologetical treatise in the forefront of his little
book - for the "Institutes" were still in 1539 a little book, although
already expanded to more than double the size of their original form
(edition of 1536). Thus he not only for the first time supplied the
constructive basis for the Reformation movement, but even for the first
time in the history of Christian theology drew in outline the plan of a
complete structure of Christian Apologetics. For this is the
significance in the history of thought of Calvin's exposition of the
sources and guarantee of the knowledge of God, which forms the opening
topic of his "Institutes." "Thus," says Julius Köstlin, after cursorily
surveying the course of the exposition, "there already rises with him an
edifice of Christian Apologetics, in its outlines complete (fertig).
With it, he stands, already in 1539, unique (einzig) among the
Reformers, and among Christian theologians in general up to his day.
Only as isolated building-stones can appear in comparison with this,
even what Melanchthon, for example, offered in the last elaboration of
the Loci with reference to the proofs for the existence of God."2 In
point of fact, in Augustine alone among his predecessors do we find
anything like the same grasp of the elements of the problem as Calvin
here exhibits; and nowhere among his predecessors do we find these
elements brought together in a constructive statement of anything like
the completeness and systematic balance which he gave to it.
At
once on its publication, however, Calvin's apologetical construction
became the property of universal Christian thought, and it has entered
so vitally into Protestant, and especially Reformed, thinking as to
appear now-a-days very much a matter of course. It is difficult for us
to appreciate its novelty in him or to realize that it is not as native
to every Christian mind as it now seems to us the inevitable adjustment
of the elements of the problems raised by the Christian revelation.
Familiar as it seems, therefore, it is important that we should
apprehend it, at least in its outlines, as it lies in its primary
statement in Calvin's pages. So only can we appreciate Calvin's genius
or estimate what we owe to him. A very brief abstract will probably
suffice, however, to bring before us in the first instance the elements
of Calvin's thought. These include the postulation of an innate
knowledge of God in man, quickened and developed by a very rich
manifestation of God in nature and providence, which,
however,
fails of its proper effect because of man's corruption in sin; so that
an objective revelation of God, embodied in the Scriptures, was rendered
necessary, and, as well, a subjective operation of the Spirit of God on
the heart enabling sinful man to receive this revelation -
by which conjoint divine action, objective and subjective, a true knowledge of God is communicated to the human soul.
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